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Spanish Review

 

Present Tense:
      -ar verb endings (hablar): -o, -as, -a, -amos, -an
      -er verb endings (comer): -o, -es, -e, -emos, -en
      -ir verb endings (vivir): -o, -es, -e, -imos, -en

      *Watch out for those stem changers and irregulars.


Preterit Tense (past tense, usually translates as –ed verbs, ie. walked):
      -ar verb endings: -é, -aste, -ό, -amos, -aron
      -er/-ir verb endings: -í, -iste, -iό, -imos, -ieron

*Stem changers (-ir only): the –ir verbs that stem change in present stem change in preterit, but only in 3rd person (Ud. and Uds.)


Imperfect Tense (was –ing, were –ing, used to—no specific start or end time):
       -ar verb endings: -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -aban
        -er/-ir verb endings: -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -ían
        *Irregulars (3):

               Ir: iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, iban
               Ser: era, eras, era, éramos, eran
               Ver: veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veían


Commands:
*Affirmative tú: take the 3rd person present tense form of the verb
      Exceptions:
              Hacer (haz)          Ir (ve)
              Venir (ven)           Poner (pon)
              Tener (ten)           Salir (sal)
               Decir (di)             Ser (sé)
*Affirmative Ud. & Uds.: take the yo form of the verb, drop the –o, and add the opposite ending;     for Uds., add –n to Ud. command
     Examples:
             Venir = venga
             Tener = tenga
             Hablar = hable
      Exceptions:
             Dar: dé Ud., den Uds.
             Estar: esté Ud., estén Uds.
             Ir: vaya Ud., vayan Uds.
             Ser: sea Ud., sean Uds.
             Saber: sepa Ud., sepan Uds. 
*Negative Ud. & Uds.: add a “no” before the command
      Examples: no venga Ud., no vengan Uds.
*Negative tú: add an –s to the negative Ud. Command
      Examples: no vengas, no seas, no sepas

 

Future Tense (will/shall):
      Infinitive + : -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -án
            Irregulars (12):

                   Salir (saldr)        Poner (pondr) 
                   Venir (vendr)       Poder (podr)
                   Caber (cabr)       Tener (tendr)
                   Haber (habr)       Saber (sabr) 
                   Decir (dir)           Hacer (har)
                   Querer (querr)     Valer (valdr)

 

Conditional Tense (would):
       Infinitive + : -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -ían (look familiar?-er/-ir imperfect)
             Irregulars (12): same as future : )

 

Past Participle (pp): stem + -ado (-ar) or –ido (-er/-ir)
        Examples: hablado, comido
               Irregulars:

                      abrir = abierto           cubrir = cubierto
                      decir = dicho            escribir = escrito
                      freír = frito                hacer = hecho
                      morir = muerto         poner = puesto
                      resolver = resuelto    romper = roto
                      ver = visto                volver = vuelto


Perfect Tenses
*Present (have ___ ): he, has, ha, hemos, han + pp
*Plu/Imperfect (had ___ ): había, habías, había, habíamos, habían + pp
*Future (will have ___ ): habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habrán + pp
*Conditional (would have ___ ): habría, habrías, habría, habríamos, habrían + pp

 

Subjunctive Mood (not an actual tense):
*Present: take the Ud. Command of the verb, and conjugate as:

           Ud. Command               Ud. Command + -mos 

           Ud. Command + -s

           Ud. Command               Ud. Command + -n
                    *Example: Hablar —> hable
                          Hable     Hamlemos
                          Hables
                          Hable      Hablen
*Past: take the 3rd person plural preterit form of the verb, drop the –ron, and add:

         -ra      -ramos

         -ras

         -ra       -ran
                  Comer ―› comieron
                       Comiera      Comiéramos
                       Comieras
                       Comiera      Comieran
                  Hablar —> hablaron
                        Hablara     Habláramos
                        Hablaras
                        Hablara      Hablaran


Pronouns:
*Subject (the one that does the action):
       yo,                  nosotros
       tú,                  
       Ud., él, ella      Uds., ellos, ellas
*Direct Object (answers the question: What?):
       me          nos
       te
       lo, la        los, las
*Indirect Object (to whom/for whom):
       me           nos
       te
       se            se

 

Pronoun Placement:
*Before normal conjugated verb or negative command
*After and attached to infinitive, gerund, or affirmative command
*watch the accents on the after and attached pronouns: usually put an accent on the 3rd to last syllable, but listen to the way it sounds (where the stress is) without the pronoun, and place the accent accordingly

Accents on Commands
*usually on the 3rd to last syllable, or in some cases, wherever the natural stress falls
         example: dámelo, por favor